Information

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information HEIGHT 400 Wikipedia

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Information is used in two senses; the technical/ associated with the accuracy of transmission/ and the semantic/ associated with the T conveyance of meaning. Information theory deals with the technical aspects, measuring information by the freedom of choice of a message as measured by the logarithm of the number of choices. Its unit of information is the bit (for binary digit). This theory deals with the statistical processes describing the conditions under which information is transmitted, not with the content of the particular message. The lack of concern with content reflects the purpose of this early work: to design telephone and telegraph systems capable of transmitting any and all possible messages to a given degree of accuracy.

When we move to the areas of concern to management, questions of meaning become more important although it is wise to recall that unless the technical conditions have been met, (sufficient channel capacity, requisite variety in the transducer, etc.) the semantic problems cannot be addressed. Within the management structure (as in Beer's Viable System Model) some parts are connected directly to the outside environment while others have direct connections only to internal portions of the system. The job of management is to assure that the flow of information circulating within the system and the arrangement of amplifying and attenuating filters have requisite variety to handle the kinds and types of messages within a time frame that makes it possible to take necessary action. # SOURCE The word information comes from the Latin 'forma' meaning to give shape. Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1964). The mathematical theory o f communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Wiener, N. (1961). Cybernetics; or, Control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: M.I.T. Press. Fisher, R. A. (1973). Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference. New York: Hafner. # EXAMPLES • a signal acted upon by the receiver a message sent with an arbitrarily • small error rate • something that causes us to change our state • a silence when a message is expected the medium chosen for a communication # NON-EXAMPLES • a communication from which all choice has been removed • a pile of data that no one will read • noise: either static or irrelevant material # PROBABLE ERROR • Lack of appreciation for the dynamics surrounding uncertainty • lack of expectation that ambiguity will be a constant factor # SEE Communication; Channel capacity; Entropy; Filter; Transducer; Algedonic signal